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-Santana, P. R., G. R. Juan, G. R. Navarro. Agro technical and operative parameters of sprinkler irrigation system “SDI modified “.
Science of soil, irrigation and mechanization. Vol. 1 (2-3): 39-50. Havana, Cuba (1991).
During 1986-1988 period, agro technical and operative evaluations of sprinkler irrigation system “SDI Modified” were done in the dark tobacco variety Criollo in the Primero de Enero Farm, Mantua municipality, in Pinar del Rio Province. Using the sprinkler MAR-90 Z, spaced 12mx 12m it was obtained by Cristianssen method a coefficient of acceptable uniformity distribution of rain with values from 75 to 94 % for wind speed lower than 4 m/s. The operative coefficients were determined according normative NC 34-37 for technological and technical safety and by use of productive time with values of 0, 954; 0, 986 and 0, 86 respectively. The productivity for a partial net water requirement of 311 m3/ha, was 0, 19 ha/ hour for the net irrigation time and 0, 16 ha/hour for productive time.
-Santana R., Juan G. R. Agro technical and operative parameters of sprinkler irrigation“Rocio”.
Agroindustrial Crops, Havana Cuba, Vol. 1 (2-3): 53-63 (1991). /. / Coresta, Bulletin D´Information, Paris France.Vol.2 Nº 8224, 1993/.
During 1985-1988 period, agro technical and operative evaluations of sprinkler irrigation system “Rocio” were done in the dark tobacco variety Criollo in the Pablo Padron and Granma Farms, in Pinar del Rio Province. The uniformity distribution of rain varies from 86 to 89 % for wind speed until 1, 7 m/s; the application intensity of rain varies from 7, 4 to 8.5 mm/hour. The operative coefficients for technological and technical safety and by use of productive time are 0, 95; 0, 97 and 0, 85 respectively. The productivity for a partial water requirement of 274 m3/ha, for the net irrigation time was 0, 09 ha/ hour and 0, 08 ha/hour for productive time.
-Juan G. R. Comparative study between sprinkler irrigation and traditional hose irrigation for coved dark tobacco
Series Irrigation and Drainage, Havana, Cuba Vol. 5 (1) 31- 46 (1982)/. / Information’s Documentations Centralen Vid KTHB, Stockholm, Sweden. AGRIS 09-03-866653 P-12 Ref. 2/79 Y, 1983/./Irrigation and Drainage Abstracts. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. London England Vol. 9 (3), Ref. 1263, 1983/. / Irricab Vol. 9 (4),Ref. 3146, Bet Dagan, Israel-Ottawa, Canada 1984/.
A field study was carried out, during two years, on a Ferrallitic soil, for determining the response of covered dark tobacco cv. Corojo to sprinkler and traditional irrigation methods. No significant differences were noted for production values after seven water applications, totalizing 1686 m3/ha (Overall average for the different methods), when the total value and those for the different leaf-yielding tobacco categories were analyzed for the different irrigation methods: sprinkler under the cheesecloth (12889 $/ha), sprinkler over the cheesecloth (12242 $/ha) and hose irrigation (12017 $/ha). Mean evapotranspiration for covered dark tobacco during 84day period was 223 mm. The year had a great effect on total yield (kg/ha) and on the groups of tobacco categories and production values, when they were compared during the study; were obtained yields of 2047 kg/ha-546000 leaves/ha and 1954 kg/ha-530000 leaves/ha for the 1971-1972 and 1972-1973 seasons, with production values of 13619 and 11146 $/ha respectively.
Juan G. R. Comparative study of sprinkler irrigation on dark tobacco using a established irrigation regime over and under the cover cloth.
Agrotechnique of Cuba. Vol. 9 #1 Pág.113-143 (1977). /. / Coresta, Bulletin D´Information, Paris France.Vol.4 Nº 8129, 1977/. / Tobacco Abstracts. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, USA, Vol. 22 (10) Ref. 2334, 1978/. / International Irrigation Information Centre. Bibliography of irrigation. Irricab Vol. 4 (4), Ref. 3058, Bet Dagan, Israel-Ottawa, Canada 1979.
In field conditions was studied the sprinkler irrigation technique in covered dark tobacco of Corojo variety, using half pressure sprinklers over and down the cloth. In both cases it was found that with an adequate management and an irrigation regime according to the crop, good harvest is possible from the yield and quality point of view. Comparison between techniques shows that tobacco yield and quality variations are not significant. Year influence is very significant in kg/ha and leaves/ha yields according the groups of tobacco categories. No differences were found between year and total yield/ha. Wind speed exerts great influence on covered dark tobacco, especially at the final growth period and during harvesting. Bad irrigation determines lodging of plants.
 Categorías: Economic Study, Spain Water Problem |  26 September, 2011 | Juan G. R. The cost of hydric investment for Alicante province.
Newspaper Information. Alicante , Spain , Pág.18, 9 / 12 / 2005.
The water demand in the province of Alicante is estimated at 310 hectometre cubic annually. The Ministry of Environment ensure that expected demand in the year 2008, through the Transfer Jucar -Vinalopo, construction of desalination installations, wastewater reuse, modernization and improvement of irrigation and water facilities. Established by the Ministry of Environment that: water flowing from the transfer, modernization and reuse will be used in irrigation, the towns of the coasts must base its urban supply on desalination, and desalination plant of Torrevieja ensures irrigation.
To achieve the goals set, Environment provides allocate 1130 million euros as follow:
| Hydraulic Works Alicante |
Investment
(Millions euros) |
Resources contributed
(Hm3/ year) |
Cost work (Euros/m3 water ) |
| Desalination plants |
457 |
141 |
3.24 |
| Jucar -VinalopoTransfer * |
347 |
60 |
5.78 |
| Modernization and improvements |
169 |
12 |
14.08 |
| Reuse of water |
157 |
74 |
2.12 |
| Total |
1130 |
287 |
3.94 |
* Includes costs induced by the construction of the proposed transfer.
Starting as a premise indicators: public and private finance irrigation and waterworks in Spain, the cost of irrigation regions, irrigation with desalinated water, studies produced by different universities in relation to water prices, economic technical indicators of Ministries of Agriculture and Environment as well as personal experience in evaluating investment of irrigation systems and hydraulic projects in different regions and countries, together with elements of the indicators analyzed, have been given to me the opportunity to assess the proposed investments hydraulic planned to satisfy the water needs of the Alicante Province.
An analysis of the investment plan is noted that the Transfer Jucar-Vinalopo from Cullera to Villena has a construction cost of 5.78 euros/m3 which is considered high. When determining the costs of m3 of water transferred from the main indicators, the cost of m3 would be of 15 cents / m3, included the annual interest rate on the investment, the cost would be around 32 cents / m3, indicating that this work is expensive for irrigation, because you must make large investments in relation to the water volume that is guaranteed. This assessment combined with the study of the environmental impact that the new route crosses for a total of 157 archaeological sites, advised that the Ministry of Environment should make a new proposal to transfer and analyze more deeply, more economic technical indicators that would can affect the proposed new transfer.
The plan for modernizing and improving irrigation and infrastructure has a cost of works by 14 euros/m3, which is high, which indicates that the investments are very high to ensure delivery of very little water, so it is necessary to revise this topical and make recommendations to lower operating costs for each of the works to be performed.
The reuse of water is the most feasible of investment analysis, because they have a lower cost of works with an average of 2.12 euros/m3 and bring a water volume of 74 hectometre cubic / year.
The project index of the desalination plants is higher than the 2.7 euros/m3, indicating that within the group of desalination plants proposed by the Ministry, there are some that are close to this parameter and other very distant from the same, so should discussed in more detail each of the desalination plants so that the cost per m3 of desalinated water does not exceed the 65 cent/m3. The development of economic studies of effectiveness of investments for different water solutions discussed possible a proper choice of investments, while allowing lower the operating costs of the projects, which means that we will be more competitive in a globalize world.
Juan G. R. The water problem in Spain needs greater unity of action.
Alicante, 24/4/2010, Spain
The water problem in Spain needs a more coordinated drive on water resources and their exploitation, with increased state control over water, which should reduce the demands of autonomy on water resources, because this causes regions constant conflict over water, a water war between communities, a clash of different political parties, extend the decision-making, is difficult to use water more rationally and collectively affect water demands of the Spanish people.
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The status of Aragon Community in water includes the right of this to: provide sufficient water to meet present and future needs as well as public authorities, in accordance with the principle of basin unit Ebro River, must avoid any transfer of waters from the watersheds that flow through Aragon. Also is attributed the power in planning and water management, as well as participation in the bodies of state management of watersheds with the right to a mandatory report before any work or transfer project. In the additional provisions of the statute includes a water reservoir 6550 cubic hectometres for the exclusive use of the Aragon’s people.—- The Community of Castilla La Mancha in the field of water will pass a statute that empowers the management of Tajo and Jucar rivers and also calls for a water reservoir of 4000 cubic hectometres to meet future demands of that community, and the expiration of Tajo-Segura transfer. These are the aspects that clash against the interests of the Valencia Community and the Autonomous Region of Murcia. Finally, the Statute of Castilla La Mancha was not approved because the claims of water affect the water rights from other regions.
The status of Andalucia Community on water considers the autonomous community holds exclusive jurisdiction over the Guadalquivir River Basin, subject to overall planning of the hydrological cycle, the basic rules on environmental protection, and hydraulic public works of general interest. as well as the community takes, transfer or delegation, the enforcement powers of the state competition in the Guadalquivir Basin. In the Statute of Catalonia is considered that all public works to be carried out in Catalonia, so a possible transfer of the Ebro basin shall be binding upon the report to make environmental impact assessment, which depend on the environmental report carried out by the Generalitat. The statute of Valencia is considered that the people of Valencia are entitled to have sufficient supply of quality water and also recognized the right to receive redistribution of surplus water from surplus basins to water resources in response to sustainability principle.
Of analysis on the water matter in the statutes, it appears that in some communities, the autonomous governments have the right to retain and decide the fate of the water flowing through its territory, to demand water reserves, but generally rivers pass through different communities, so it is very complex that in some communities can decide on the destinies of water to other communities, so it is necessary that within the water problem in Spain is to strengthen state control in water management in order to be able to pool the resources and existing institutions and enable them to streamline decision making in the various activities dedicated to water development in the country with the possibility of creating a National Institute of Water Resources that has a greater control and hierarchy on the surface and groundwater resources of the country, since water is an increasingly valuable resource and essential for the population, agriculture, tourism, industry, construction, power generation, combating desertification and sustainable as an integral part of the environment. The water and agriculture are aspects to should be considered as strategic by the state and which are crucial for sustainable development in Spain, essential for the support of people and are essential building blocks for the harmonious development of other sectors of the economy.
In the Spanish constitution provides for the exclusive competence of government: legislation, regulation and concession of hydraulic resources when the water flow through more than one community, so that the state should exercise greater control over water and must limit the power of autonomy on water resources, as this causes a constant conflict of the regions for the water, a water war between communities, a constant clash of different political parties, extend the decision-making, difficulty more rational use of water and affect water demands of the Spanish people. The role of autonomy should be limited to the management of water resources that have been allocated by the central government through the national institution dedicated to water.
Juan G. R. The tobacco irrigation, it effect on the yield and quality of the harvest
Research Institute of Irrigation and Drainage.Dissertation for to get the Second Doctorate. Havana, Cuba. 1995.
During the 1970-1995 period, was studied under the Cuban conditions, the water requirements and irrigation techniques commonly employed in nurseries and tobacco plantations, as well as the effect of irrigation on crop, yield and quality of the harvest. It was found that the seedling total water requirement was 2385 and 1865 m3/ha and from 40 to 48 and from 36 to 42 the number of irrigation for the traditional and technical nursery respectively. In plantations, the evapotranspiration of the eight tobacco varieties in study range from 212 to 324 mm, with values in a middle transplant time from 1475 to 1726 m3/ha for the total water irrigation requirement, 133 to 360 m3/ha for the partial water irrigation requirement and from 6 to 8 irrigation in the year of the 25% probability of the total water requirement.
Perform irrigation at the right time enabled the increase in yields, in addition to improving product quality, with an average yield from 1.9 t/ha tobacco leaves harvest to 2.5 t / ha for the tobacco with two or three cuts of the plant. A mishandling of irrigation water by a defect or unduly, adversely affected the performance and quality of plantations and nurseries of tobacco. The moment and amount of irrigation water used, have more influence on the yield and quality of the harvest than irrigation techniques employed. Tobacco irrigation in the production enabled gain additional average of 228 $ / ha with a period of recovery in investment of 7.5 to 8.6 years, which shows that tobacco in the conditions of Cuba is an irrigation plant.
Categorías: Tobacco Irrigation | 21 September, 2011 | Zlatev S. G. Factors that determine irrigation effectiveness in the tobacco.
Bulgarian Tobacco,Year 23 (5): 20-26, Bulgaria , 1978.
From the experimental results in Bulgaria has been established that the optimum irrigation regime in the oriental tobacco is achieved with a level of moisture in the soil is / 70 – / 65-70 / – 50 / % of field capacity and for the tobacco virginia type the level of moisture in the soil is 80 – 70 – 60 % respectively. The number of irrigations depend of rainfall distribution regime, for the oriental tobacco apply from 2 to 4 irrigation and for the Virginia tobacco is used from 4 to 6 irrigation. The reserve of soil moisture in Bulgarian conditions is considered optimal in the first phase of the crop growing season, thus the need to tobacco irrigation is little at this stage. The oriental tobacco despite to has lower water requirements than broad-leaves tobacco, reacts positively to irrigation.
Categorías: Tobacco Irrigation | 21 September, 2011 | Zlatev G., Velkov V., Gerova C., Iordanov V. Oriental tobacco irrigation.
Taken of Donev N., G. Zlatev, et al. The Tobacco in Bulgaria. Editorial Jristo G. Danov: 229-243, Bulgaria, 1974.
In the oriental tobacco, the optimum level of moisture in the soil is / 70 – / 65-70 / – 50 / % of field capacity for the first, second and third phase of the growing season crop, usually in this type of tobacco apply from 2 to 4 irrigation, with partial water irrigation requirement from 300 to 400 m3/ha and total water irrigation requirement from 700 to 1440 m3/ha. The investigation of the different irrigation regimes, it has been established that with an optimal irrigation regime is stabilized yields and improves the yield and quality of the harvest, leaves are obtained clearer, with good combustibility, low-nicotine and more sugar content. In the oriental tobacco the most critical water requirements corresponds to the phase of active crop growth, the highest evapotranspiration occurs between the first and second harvest coincides with greater leaf area of tobacco.
Conduced researches show that a greater number of irrigation, do not lead to an increase the yield; on the contrary can diminish the quality of tobacco. From research, and practice has been established that there is not need to irrigation 1-2 days before harvest, due to physiological changes that occur in the technical maturity of the leaves, which leads to a decrease in the quality of harvest drying.
Categorías: Tobacco Irrigation | 21 September, 2011 | Juan G. R. Irrigation recommendations of tobacco cultivars in Cuba.
Hydraulic Will, Havana , Cuba No. 67:35-40, (1985)/. / Irricab Vol. 8 (3), Ref. 2106, Bet Dagan, Israel- Ottawa, Canadá 1983 .
There are recommendations on the water requirements of the different varieties of tobacco that are cultivated in Cuba , as well as the hydro module of the same in function of: soil, the form of cultivation, harvesting and operation hours of irrigation systems. It was found that consumptive use maximum corresponds to covered dark tobacco in the province of Havana, with an average value of 224 mm for a cycle of 85 days, it recommending 1650 net m3 / ha for a year 75 % probability of rain. The minimal irrigation demands are for Virginia tobacco in the province of Pinar del Rio, with a total net water requirement of 1225 m3/ha. The hydro modules have a range of 0.61 to 1.34 l / sec. / ha, when calculated using net water irrigation requirement maximum economic from 220 to 330 m3 / ha and irrigation intervals from8 to12 days to consider from 10 to 16 hours exploitation, to be used as a basis for calculating sprinkler irrigation .
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